@article{heggarty_language_2023,
	title = {Language trees with sampled ancestors support a hybrid model for the origin of {Indo}-{European} languages},
	volume = {381},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abg0818},
	doi = {10.1126/science.abg0818},
	abstract = {The origins of the Indo-European language family are hotly disputed. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of core vocabulary have produced conflicting results, with some supporting a farming expansion out of Anatolia {\textasciitilde}9000 years before present (yr B.P.), while others support a spread with horse-based pastoralism out of the Pontic-Caspian Steppe {\textasciitilde}6000 yr B.P. Here we present an extensive database of Indo-European core vocabulary that eliminates past inconsistencies in cognate coding. Ancestry-enabled phylogenetic analysis of this dataset indicates that few ancient languages are direct ancestors of modern clades and produces a root age of {\textasciitilde}8120 yr B.P. for the family. Although this date is not consistent with the Steppe hypothesis, it does not rule out an initial homeland south of the Caucasus, with a subsequent branch northward onto the steppe and then across Europe. We reconcile this hybrid hypothesis with recently published ancient DNA evidence from the steppe and the northern Fertile Crescent.},
	number = {6656},
	urldate = {2023-07-27},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Heggarty, Paul and Anderson, Cormac and Scarborough, Matthew and King, Benedict and Bouckaert, Remco and Jocz, Lechosław and Kümmel, Martin Joachim and Jügel, Thomas and Irslinger, Britta and Pooth, Roland and Liljegren, Henrik and Strand, Richard F. and Haig, Geoffrey and Macák, Martin and Kim, Ronald I. and Anonby, Erik and Pronk, Tijmen and Belyaev, Oleg and Dewey-Findell, Tonya Kim and Boutilier, Matthew and Freiberg, Cassandra and Tegethoff, Robert and Serangeli, Matilde and Liosis, Nikos and Stroński, Krzysztof and Schulte, Kim and Gupta, Ganesh Kumar and Haak, Wolfgang and Krause, Johannes and Atkinson, Quentin D. and Greenhill, Simon J. and Kühnert, Denise and Gray, Russell D.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science},
	pages = {eabg0818},
}